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Organization of the Brain01:30

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Knowing What Counts: Unbiased Stereology in the Non-human Primate Brain
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Structural Variability Across the Primate Brain: A Cross-Species Comparison.

Paula L Croxson1, Stephanie J Forkel2,3, Leonardo Cerliani4,5

  • 1Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, USA.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|October 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Human and macaque brains show similar structural variability. However, the distribution differs, with some areas showing high variability in monkeys and a left-lateralized pattern in humans, potentially linked to evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human brains exhibit significant structural variability, increasingly studied with neuroimaging.
  • Previous research highlighted variability on a smaller scale through postmortem studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare structural variability between human and macaque monkey brains.
  • To investigate the relationship between anatomical variability and evolutionary expansion in primate brains.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized grey and white matter magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures.
  • Compared structural variability patterns between human and macaque brains.

Main Results:

  • Monkey brains demonstrated overall structural variability comparable to human brains.
  • Distinct distribution patterns of variability were observed, with specific areas showing high variability in both species.
  • First evidence linking anatomical variability with evolutionary expansion in primate brains was found.
  • Human brains displayed left-lateralized hemispheric asymmetry in variability in phylogenetically recent regions.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebral variability serves as a valuable comparative measure across species.
  • Variability patterns may reflect evolutionary history, with less variable areas being older and more stable.
  • Recent evolutionary expansion might correlate with higher anatomical variability.