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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Transuranic Computational Chemistry.

Nikolas Kaltsoyannis1

  • 1School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|October 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Computational chemistry advances the study of transuranic elements, focusing on bonding and oxidation states. This research highlights the crucial interplay between experimental and computational methods in exploring the periodic table frontier.

Keywords:
actinidescomputational chemistrycovalencydensity functional calculationsorganometallic chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Transuranic elements present unique chemical challenges due to their complex electronic structures.
  • Understanding their bonding and reactivity is crucial for advancing nuclear science and materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey recent computational contributions to transuranic element chemistry.
  • To emphasize the role of metal valence orbitals in covalent bonding.
  • To highlight the chemistry of transuranic elements in the +II oxidation state.

Main Methods:

  • Review of computational studies in molecular coordination and organometallic chemistry.
  • Analysis of computational data for extended solid systems.
  • Focus on the stabilization of 5f orbitals across the actinide series.

Main Results:

  • Computational methods provide significant insights into transuranic element bonding.
  • The stabilization of 5f orbitals influences covalent bonding properties.
  • The +II oxidation state chemistry of transuranic elements is emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Computational chemistry plays a vital role in overcoming experimental challenges in transuranic element research.
  • The interplay between experimental and computational approaches is essential for frontier science.
  • Further exploration of transuranic element chemistry, particularly in lower oxidation states, is warranted.