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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

6.3K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Precipitation of Ions03:11

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Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
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Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

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In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
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Method for Recording Broadband High Resolution Emission Spectra of Laboratory Lightning Arcs
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Colored thunderstorms.

Stanley David Gedzelman

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Colored thunderstorms result from varied light scattering. Simulations show red-to-yellow gradients in sunlit clouds, luminous green-blue precipitation, and yellow-green shaded areas due to atmospheric conditions and scattering effects.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric optics
    • Cloud physics
    • Radiative transfer

    Background:

    • Thunderstorms can exhibit unusual colors not solely due to lightning.
    • Understanding these colors requires analyzing light interaction with cloud particles and atmospheric conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To simulate and explain the optical mechanisms behind three distinct colored thunderstorm phenomena.
    • To investigate the roles of scattering, absorption, and viewing geometry in producing observed colors.

    Main Methods:

    • Scenario #1: Second-order scattering model simulating sunlight and skylight interaction with cloud faces under sunset conditions.
    • Scenario #2: Monte Carlo model simulating multiply scattered light transmission through precipitation shafts, including absorption by water and ice.
    • Scenario #3: Second-order scattering model analyzing attenuated skylight reaching shaded cloud regions.

    Main Results:

    • Scenario #1: Sunlit cloud faces show a red-to-yellow gradient due to long optical paths and Rayleigh/Mie scattering near sunset.
    • Scenario #2: Luminous green-blue precipitation shafts result from light transmission through large hydrometeors, with external scattering shifting the spectrum.
    • Scenario #3: Shaded cloud faces appear yellow-green due to attenuated, distant skylight filtered by Rayleigh and Mie scattering.

    Conclusions:

    • The color of thunderstorms is a complex optical phenomenon influenced by scattering, absorption, and illumination geometry.
    • Simulations accurately reproduce observed colored thunderstorm effects, enhancing our understanding of atmospheric radiative transfer.