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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Proper Positioning and Restraint of a Rat Hind Limb for Focused High Resolution Imaging of Bone Micro-architecture Using In Vivo Micro-computed Tomography
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[Ambulant Anesthesia: Limits and Possibilities].

Harald Hofer, Frank Vescia

    Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
    |October 20, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Outpatient surgery is increasing, requiring specialized anesthesia and patient care. Individual assessment ensures safety for patients with comorbidities, obesity, or sleep apnea, with MET values guiding cardiac patient suitability.

    Area of Science:

    • Anesthesiology
    • Surgical Care

    Background:

    • Increasing trend of outpatient surgeries in Germany.
    • Need for guideline-compliant infrastructure and specialized anesthetic expertise.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline criteria and considerations for safe and effective outpatient surgical procedures.
    • To address patient-specific factors influencing the decision for ambulatory surgery.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of factors influencing outpatient surgery suitability.
    • Assessment of patient comorbidities, weight, and specific conditions like obstructive sleep apnea.
    • Evaluation of cardiac patient criteria using metabolic equivalent (MET) values.

    Main Results:

    • Well-managed comorbidities, obesity (with compliance and care), and obstructive sleep apnea are not absolute contraindications.

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  • A MET value >4 is a key criterion for outpatient cardiac procedures.
  • Patient stability, post-operative care, and a responsible companion are crucial for discharge.

    • Conclusions:

    • Individualized assessment is paramount for deciding between outpatient and inpatient care.
    • Specialized anesthetic experience and robust post-operative monitoring enhance outpatient surgery safety.
    • Careful patient selection and management optimize outcomes for ambulatory procedures.