Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: still unknown and underdiagnosed by physicians and especially by psychiatrists?

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder confirmed by the presence of antibodies against the NMDA-receptor in serum or CSF. This case report describes a young woman with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, who presented with prominent psychiatric symptoms. There was a crucial delay in diagnosis and necessary treatment due to the fact that the clinical presentation was diagnosed and treated as a first psychotic episode. Physicians and especially psychiatrists, should consider the possibility of an autoimmune encephalitis in their differential diagnosis in every new onset psychotic episode with rapid progression, the presence of pathognomonic orofacial dyskinesia, the lack of psychiatric history, and the non-responding to psychopharmacological treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment is essential for recovery and may improve the prognosis.