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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis
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Uranium Bioreduction and Biomineralization.

Rehemanjiang Wufuer1, Yongyang Wei1, Qinghua Lin2

  • 1Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China.

Advances in Applied Microbiology
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Microbial bioremediation offers a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for uranium contamination. This review details recent advancements in uranium bioreduction and biomineralization, focusing on microorganisms, mechanisms, and influencing factors.

Keywords:
BiomineralizationBioreductionBioremediationUranium

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Microbiology
  • Nuclear Science

Background:

  • Uranium contamination is a growing global concern due to nuclear activities.
  • Conventional physical and chemical remediation methods are costly and complex.
  • Microbial bioremediation presents a sustainable and economical alternative for treating uranium-polluted environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in microbial uranium bioremediation.
  • To focus on the mechanisms of uranium bioreduction and biomineralization.
  • To discuss microorganisms, influential factors, and challenges in uranium bioremediation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on uranium bioremediation.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on microbial uranium bioreduction.
  • Examination of research on microbial biomineralization of uranium.

Main Results:

  • Uranium bioreduction and biomineralization are key microbial remediation mechanisms.
  • Various microorganisms exhibit potential for uranium bioremediation.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence the efficiency of these processes.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial bioremediation, particularly bioreduction and biomineralization, shows significant promise for addressing uranium contamination.
  • Further research is needed to optimize microbial strategies and overcome existing obstacles for effective large-scale application.