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Related Concept Videos

The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Microfluidic Co-Culture Models for Dissecting the Immune Response in in vitro Tumor Microenvironments
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Interplay Between Microenvironmental Abnormalities and Infectious Agents in Tumorigenesis.

Qing Zhu1, Feng Gu1, Caixia Zhu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministries of Education and Health), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.

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|October 21, 2017
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Tumor microenvironments, characterized by factors like hypoxia and oxidative stress, are exploited by oncogenic pathogens. This interaction promotes pathogen survival, propagation, and tumor development, impacting host immune surveillance.

Keywords:
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A Mimic of the Tumor Microenvironment: A Simple Method for Generating Enriched Cell Populations and Investigating Intercellular Communication
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Using Microarrays to Interrogate Microenvironmental Impact on Cellular Phenotypes in Cancer
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial for regulating cellular functions like communication, proliferation, and survival.
  • Abnormalities within the TME are increasingly recognized as significant factors in disease development.
  • Infectious agents, particularly oncogenic pathogens, leverage the TME for their own propagation and pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize and highlight the current understanding of the interplay between tumor microenvironmental factors and oncogenic pathogens.
  • To elucidate how pathogens exploit TME components to promote tumorigenesis.
  • To underscore the role of TME in facilitating pathogen survival and immune evasion.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing scientific literature on oncogenic pathogens and the tumor microenvironment.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating pathogen utilization of specific TME factors such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, and cytokines.
  • Highlighting mechanisms of pathogen-TME interaction in the context of tumorigenesis and immune evasion.

Main Results:

  • Oncogenic pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) actively exploit TME factors like hypoxia, oxidative stress, and cytokines.
  • These pathogens create an environment conducive to their survival and replication within the host.
  • Exploitation of the TME aids pathogens in evading host immune surveillance, thereby promoting tumor development.

Conclusions:

  • The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in facilitating oncogenic pathogen-driven tumorigenesis.
  • Understanding this interplay is essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies against pathogen-associated cancers.
  • Targeting TME components or pathogen-TME interactions could represent a promising avenue for cancer treatment.