Resolution of inflammation and sepsis survival are improved by dietary Ω-3 fatty acids

Critical conditions such as sepsis following infection or traumatic injury disturb the complex state of homeostasis that may lead to uncontrolled inflammation resulting in organ failure, shock and death. They are associated with endogenous mediators that control the onset of acute inflammatory response, but the central problem remains the complete resolution of inflammation. Omega-3 enriched lipid emulsions (Ω-3⁺ LEs) were used in experimental studies and clinical trials to establish homeostasis, yet with little understanding about their role on the resolution of inflammation and tissue regeneration. Here, we demonstrate that Ω-3 lipid emulsions (LEs) orchestrate inflammation-resolution/regeneration mechanism during sterile peritonitis and murine polymicrobial sepsis. Ω-3⁺ LEs recessed neutrophil infiltration, reduced pro-inflammatory mediators, reduced the classical monocyte and enhanced the non-classical monocytes/macrophages recruitment and finally increased the efferocytosis in sepsis. The actions of Ω-3⁺ LE were 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) dependent. Ω-3⁺ LEs shortened the resolution interval by 56%, stimulated the endogenous biosynthesis of resolution mediators lipoxin A4, protectin DX and maresin 1 and contributed to tissue regeneration. Ω-3⁺ LEs protected against hypothermia and weight loss and enhanced survival in murine polymicrobial sepsis. We highlighted a role of Ω-3⁺ LEs in regulating key mechanisms within the resolution terrain during murine sepsis. This might form the basis for a rational design of sepsis specific clinical nutrition.