Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

15.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
15.4K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.4K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
23.4K
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.5K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.5K
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.7K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
21.7K
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics01:20

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.0K
The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system.
The relation  between entropy and disorder can be illustrated with the example of the phase change of ice to water. In ice, the molecules are located at specific sites giving a solid state, whereas, in a liquid form, these molecules are much freer to move. The molecular arrangement has therefore become more randomized. Although the change in average...
5.0K
Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

1.9K
A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
1.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Actinomyces graevenitzii Detected in a Case of Endobronchial Actinomycosis Caused by Foreign Body Aspiration: A Case Report.

Cureus·2026
Same author

Treatment of Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia and Systemic Sclerosis with Corticosteroids and Immunosuppressants.

Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)·2025
Same author

Acyl modifications in bovine, porcine, and equine ghrelins.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2024
Same author

Empyema Caused by Pasteurella multocida in a Patient With Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Disease Taking Inhaled Corticosteroids: A Case Report.

Cureus·2023
Same author

Pseudo-Meigs' Syndrome in a Patient With Uterine Fibroids With Massive Pleural Effusion After Starting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy: A Case Report.

Cureus·2023
Same author

[Coexistence of Lung Adenocarcinoma and Non-caseous Epithelioid Granuloma Possibly due to Systemic Sarcoidosis in the Same Lesion].

Kyobu geka. The Japanese journal of thoracic surgery·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

9.0K

QCD-Electroweak First-Order Phase Transition in a Supercooled Universe.

Satoshi Iso1, Pasquale D Serpico2, Kengo Shimada2

  • 1Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) and Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Oho 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.

Physical Review Letters
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Classically conformal electroweak dynamics can alter early Universe evolution. A first-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition can trigger electroweak symmetry breaking, with implications for cosmology and particle physics.

More Related Videos

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.4K
Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

7.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
07:46

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

9.0K
Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.4K
Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

7.9K

Area of Science:

  • Particle Physics
  • Cosmology
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • The Standard Model's electroweak sector is typically described by non-conformal dynamics.
  • Classically conformal dynamics in the electroweak sector may lead to a first-order electroweak phase transition, differing from the Standard Model.
  • The early Universe's evolution is sensitive to the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a scenario where a first-order quantum chromodynamics (QCD) phase transition triggers electroweak symmetry breaking.
  • To derive the conditions necessary for this alternative cosmological evolution.
  • To explore the implications of this scenario for particle physics and cosmology.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of classically conformal dynamics in the electroweak sector.
  • Derivation of necessary conditions for a QCD phase transition preceding electroweak symmetry breaking.
  • Utilizing the classically conformal B-L model as a specific example.

Main Results:

  • A scenario is identified where a first-order, six-massless-quark QCD phase transition precedes and triggers electroweak symmetry breaking.
  • The necessary conditions for this sequence of events are derived.
  • The model predicts relatively light, weakly coupled particles.

Conclusions:

  • Classically conformal electroweak dynamics offer an alternative to Standard Model cosmology.
  • The proposed scenario has significant implications for electroweak baryogenesis, dark matter production, and gravitational wave generation.
  • The predicted light particles may be discoverable in collider experiments.