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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Competition02:34

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When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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How animals obtain and eat their food is called foraging behavior. Foraging can include searching for plants and hunting for prey and depends on the species and environment.
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Robbers Cave04:49

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During the 1950s, the landmark Robbers Cave experiment demonstrated that when groups must compete with one another, intergroup conflict, hostility, and even violence may result. At the Oklahoman summer camp, two troops of boys—termed the Rattlers and the Eagles—took part in a week-long tournament. During this time, their negativity culminated in derogatory name-calling, fistfights, and even vandalism and destruction of property. However, this work also revealed that such tension...
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Linking Predation Risk, Herbivore Physiological Stress and Microbial Decomposition of Plant Litter
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Fatal Attraction? Intraguild Facilitation and Suppression among Predators.

Kelly J Sivy, Casey B Pozzanghera, James B Grace

    The American Naturalist
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    PubMed
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    Apex predators like wolves can suppress other predators at large scales but facilitate them locally through scavenging opportunities. This highlights complex predator-prey dynamics and their spatial variations.

    Keywords:
    Canis latransCanis lupusapex predatorsfacilitationmesopredator releasesuppression

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Wildlife Biology
    • Conservation Science

    Background:

    • Predator communities are shaped by competition and suppression, but carrion provisioning can create facilitation.
    • Understanding these interactions is crucial for predicting ecosystem responses to apex predator changes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To test for carnivore cascades and mesopredator release using wolf (Canis lupus) control in Alaska as a quasi-experiment.
    • To quantify interaction strengths and evaluate predator responses to wolf activity at different spatial scales.

    Main Methods:

    • Snow track surveys of apex, meso-, and small predators.
    • Integrative occupancy and structural equation modeling.
    • Analysis of nonapex predator responses to wolf activity clusters.

    Main Results:

    • Nonapex predators showed guild-wide negative responses to landscape-level wolf abundance variations.
    • A guild-wide positive response of nonapex predators to localized wolf activity was observed.
    • Scavenging at the local scale may drive landscape-level mesopredator suppression.

    Conclusions:

    • Carnivore cascade hypotheses were not supported at the landscape scale; instead, widespread suppression was observed.
    • Predator community structure is influenced by spatial scale, with local facilitation potentially leading to landscape suppression.
    • Findings link predator occupancy patterns to community structure at varying spatial scales.