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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
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Hyperventilation and electroconvulsive therapy: A literature review.

Jorge Gómez-Arnau1, Aida de Arriba-Arnau2, Javier Correas-Lauffer3

  • 1Henares University Hospital, Psychiatry Department, Madrid, Spain.

General Hospital Psychiatry
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Hyperventilation may enhance electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) by increasing seizure duration. Further research is needed to establish a definitive protocol for its safe and effective use in ECT settings.

Keywords:
AnaesthesiaElectroconvulsive therapyHyperoxiaHyperventilationHypocapniaReview

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Hyperventilation is explored as an augmentation strategy in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) due to its proconvulsant properties.
  • The potential benefits of hyperventilation in ECT are linked to its known effects on seizure induction and maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the existing literature on the use of hyperventilation during ECT.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hyperventilation as an adjunct to ECT procedures.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE databases.
  • Studies published from 1966 to June 2016 using terms related to ECT and hyperventilation were included.
  • Included works described hyperventilation techniques in ECT and their clinical effects.

Main Results:

  • Seventeen observational and experimental studies were selected, exhibiting significant heterogeneity in design and methodology.
  • Findings indicate hyperventilation positively influences seizure duration in ECT.
  • The impact on seizure threshold and quality parameters, as well as adverse effects, requires further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperventilation appears to be a potentially effective and safe method for augmenting ECT.
  • Further research, particularly controlled clinical trials, is essential to develop a standardized hyperventilation protocol for ECT.