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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2026

Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
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[Update on recommendations for screening for hydroxychloroquine retinopathy].

A Couturier1, A Giocanti-Aurégan2, B Dupas1

  • 1Service d'ophtalmologie, hôpital Lariboisière, DHU vision et handicaps, université Paris 7-sorbonne Paris cité, AP-HP, 2, rue Ambroise-Paré, 75010 Paris, France.

Journal Francais D'Ophtalmologie
|October 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy risk is low at recommended doses but increases with long-term use. Annual screening starting year five is recommended, using visual field and OCT tests.

Keywords:
Antipaludéens de synthèseChloroquineHydroxychloroquineMaculopathieMaculopathyRetinal toxicityRetinopathyRétinopathieSynthetic antimalarialsToxicité rétinienne

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology
  • Retinal Diseases

Background:

  • Recent changes in American Academy of Ophthalmology guidelines for chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy screening.
  • Updated understanding of toxicity prevalence, risk factors, retinal onset location, and screening test efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current recommendations for screening CQ/HCQ retinopathy.
  • To outline risk factors and appropriate screening protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.

Main Results:

  • Retinopathy risk is dose and duration-dependent, with <1% risk at 5 years and <2% at 10 years at recommended doses (HCQ ≤5.0mg/kg, CQ ≤2.3mg/kg).
  • Risk increases significantly after 20 years of treatment.
  • Key risk factors include daily dose, treatment duration, kidney failure, and tamoxifen use.

Conclusions:

  • Baseline examination is crucial before treatment initiation.
  • Annual screening should commence at year five, utilizing automated visual fields and spectral domain OCT.
  • Multifocal ERG and fundus autofluorescence are secondary confirmatory tests.