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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
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Do ANCAs make the difference in lupus nephritis?

Kerstin Amann1

  • 1Department of Nephropathology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.

Kidney International
|October 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The clinical relevance of lupus nephritis class IV-S versus IV-G and the role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in lupus nephritis are debated. ANCA positivity is linked to specific histological patterns and poorer renal outcomes in lupus nephritis.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Lupus nephritis (LN) classification includes subclassifications like IV-S and IV-G, with ongoing debate regarding their clinical relevance.
  • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) have been associated with a necrotic, pauci-inflammatory phenotype of LN, predominantly seen in class IV-S.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical relevance of the distinction between lupus nephritis class IV-S and IV-G.
  • To determine the pathomechanistic involvement of ANCA in different lupus nephritis histological patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of histological patterns in lupus nephritis patients.
  • Correlation of ANCA positivity with specific LN classes and clinical parameters.

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Main Results:

  • ANCA positivity influences the histological pattern of lupus nephritis.
  • ANCA positivity is associated with worse baseline renal function.
  • ANCA positivity correlates with more active lupus serology.

Conclusions:

  • The distinction between LN IV-S and IV-G may hold clinical relevance, particularly concerning ANCA involvement.
  • ANCA positivity is a significant factor associated with specific histological features and disease activity in lupus nephritis.