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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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T cell clonality assessment: past, present and future.

Etienne Mahe1, Tevor Pugh2, Suzanne Kamel-Reid3

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Journal of Clinical Pathology
|October 23, 2017
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Summary

T cell clonality assays assess T cell receptor diversity in proliferations. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers advanced methods for T cell clonality testing, overcoming limitations of older techniques in molecular pathology.

Keywords:
geneticslymphocytesmolecular pathologyoncology

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • T cell clonality testing is crucial for assessing T cell receptor diversity in proliferations.
  • Understanding T cell ontogeny, T cell receptor structure, function, and genomics is fundamental.
  • The concept of the T cell clonotype underpins clonality assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the conceptual basis of T cell clonality assays.
  • To introduce T cell receptor genomics and the clonotype.
  • To discuss historical and current T cell clonality assay methods and their limitations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established T cell clonality assay techniques.
  • Introduction to next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies.
  • Discussion of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical considerations for NGS-based T cell clonality assays.

Main Results:

  • Identified limitations in historical and current T cell clonality assays.
  • Highlighted the advantages of NGS in overcoming assay limitations.
  • Provided a comprehensive overview of NGS applications in T cell clonality testing.

Conclusions:

  • NGS technologies are becoming a standard in molecular pathology for T cell clonality assessment.
  • NGS provides a more specific and reproducible method for evaluating clonal diversity.
  • The review offers foundational knowledge and practical insights into NGS-based T cell clonality assays.