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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
Published on: June 13, 2025
Evidence-Based Medicine and the Problem of Healthy Volunteers
Giulio Marchesini1, Francesca Marchignoli1, Salvatore Petta2
1Unit of Metabolic Diseases and Clinical Dietetics, DIMEC, "Alma Mater" University, Bologna, Italy.
Abstract:
Healthy controls are subjects without the disease being studied but may have other conditions indirectly affecting outcome. In the present epidemics of obesity a few subjects with undiagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease enter clinical studies as controls, producing biased results. Stricter selection criteria should be considered to prevent this risk.
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