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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

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The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
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Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
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The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit specialized characteristics that allow them to perform this function.
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

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Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle
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Superior oblique myokymia.

Mia Zhang1, Aubrey Gilbert2, David G Hunter2

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Survey of Ophthalmology
|October 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Superior oblique myokymia (SOM) is a rare condition. A meta-analysis of 116 cases suggests topical levobunolol may effectively manage SOM symptoms, recommending it before systemic therapy or surgery.

Keywords:
Harada-Ito proceduremonocular oscillopsiasuperior oblique myokymiasuperior oblique myokymia treatmenttopical beta blockertopical levobunolol

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuro-ophthalmology

Background:

  • Superior oblique myokymia (SOM) is a rare disorder of unknown cause.
  • Characterized by involuntary, fine, undulating contractions of the superior oblique muscle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the history, etiology, clinical features, differential diagnoses, management, and prognosis of SOM.
  • To conduct a meta-analysis of published SOM cases to identify trends and inform treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of 116 published cases of SOM since 1906.
  • Review of literature regarding etiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant right-sided preponderance (61%) was observed in SOM cases, particularly in females.
  • Potential pathophysiology includes neurovascular compression and/or ephaptic transmission.
  • Topical beta-blockers, including levobunolol, have shown recent promise in managing SOM symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • No definitive treatment exists for SOM due to its rarity.
  • Topical levobunolol is recommended as a first-line treatment before considering systemic medications or surgery.
  • Strabismus surgery carries a risk of postoperative diplopia in downgaze.