Investigation of foaming causes in three mesophilic food waste digesters: reactor performance and microbial analysis

Foaming negatively affects anaerobic digestion of food waste (FW). To identify the causes of foaming, reactor performance and microbial community dynamics were investigated in three mesophilic digesters treating FW. The digesters were operated under different modes, and foaming was induced with several methods. Proliferation of specific bacteria and accumulation of surface active materials may be the main causes of foaming. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) accumulated in these reactors before foaming, which may have contributed to foam formation by decreasing the surface tension of sludge and increasing foam stability. The relative abundance of acid-producing bacteria (Petrimonas, Fastidiosipila, etc.) and ammonia producers (Proteiniphilum, Gelria, Aminobacterium, etc.) significantly increased after foaming, which explained the rapid accumulation of VFAs and NH₄⁺ after foaming. In addition, the proportions of microbial genera known to contribute to foam formation and stabilization significantly increased in foaming samples, including bacteria containing mycolic acid in cell walls (Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, etc.) and those capable of producing biosurfactants (Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, 060F05-B-SD-P93, etc.). These findings improve the understanding of foaming mechanisms in FW digesters and provide a theoretical basis for further research on effective suppression and early warning of foaming.