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Related Concept Videos

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
789
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

832
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
832
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

813
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
813
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

1.9K
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
1.9K
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

1.3K
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
1.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
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Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

Published on: October 16, 2013

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Volatile Anesthetics and Immunity.

Siavash Sedghi1, Hilliard L Kutscher2, Bruce A Davidson1

  • 1a Department of Anesthesiology.

Immunological Investigations
|October 24, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Volatile anesthetics modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through four distinct phases. Understanding these interactions is crucial for managing infectious diseases.

Keywords:
AnestheticsImmune responseInfectious disease

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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Volatile anesthetics are known to interact with the immune system.
  • These interactions influence both innate and adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and organize the known interactions between volatile anesthetics and the immune system.
  • To discuss these interactions within the context of infectious disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review organizing immune interactions into four phases: recognition, recruitment, response, and resolution.
  • Analysis of immune regulatory responses, including proinflammatory and inflammatory aspects.

Main Results:

  • Volatile anesthetics elicit a spectrum of immune responses.
  • These responses range from pro-inflammatory to immune-regulatory.

Conclusions:

  • The immune system's interaction with volatile anesthetics is complex and phase-dependent.
  • Further understanding of these interactions can inform strategies for infectious disease management.