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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Chemotaxis and Direction of Cell Migration

Chemotaxis and Direction of Cell Migration

Cells can detect chemical cues in their environment and reorganize the cytoskeleton to migrate toward them or away from them. This directional migration, called chemotaxis, is essential during embryogenesis and development, immune response, tissue repair and regeneration, and reproduction. These chemical cues can either attract or repel the cell's movement. For example, axon development is determined by a combination of chemoattractants and chemorepellents that direct the growing axon...

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Gustation

Gustation

Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.

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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Published on: July 13, 2017

Coupling chemosensory array formation and localization.

Alejandra Alvarado¹, Andreas Kjær¹, Wen Yang²

¹Department of Ecophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.

|October 24, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

ParP protein anchors chemotaxis signaling arrays to the cell pole in Vibrio species. This protein

Keywords:

Chemotaxis ParC ParP Vibrio cholerae array formation array localization cell biology infectious disease microbiology

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Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

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Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

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Published on: January 25, 2013

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Cell Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

Chemotaxis proteins form signaling arrays at the cell pole in Vibrio species.
ParP protein is essential for tethering these arrays to the cell pole anchor, ParC.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the mechanism by which ParP regulates the formation and localization of chemotaxis signaling arrays.
To understand how ParP integrates into the array structure and interacts with other components.

Main Methods:

Investigated protein-protein interactions between ParP, MCP-proteins, and CheA.
Analyzed the role of ParP's N-terminal and C-terminal domains in array formation and localization.
Observed subcellular localization dynamics of ParP and ParC.

Main Results:

ParP's C-terminus integrates into the signaling array core, stimulating array formation.
ParP's N-terminus mediates polar recruitment and localization of the arrays.
ParP couples array formation and localization, ensuring precise cell pole positioning.
ParP's integration affects its own and ParC's localization dynamics, enhancing polar retention.

Conclusions:

ParP acts as a crucial regulator, linking chemotaxis array assembly and localization.
This mechanism ensures the proper positioning and stability of the chemotactic machinery at the cell pole.
ParP is key to cell pole development and function in Vibrio species.