Interactive patient-specific 3D approximation of scapula bone shape from 2D X-ray images using landmark-constrained...

We report on an interactive tool for patientspecific 3D approximation of scapula bone shape from 2D X-ray images using landmark-constrained statistical shape model (SSM) fitting. The 3D localization of points on the 2D X-ray images was done through X-ray stereophotogrammetry. The inferior angle, acromion and the coracoid process were identified as reliable landmarks from the anteroposterior (AP) and oblique lateral views in a landmark selection study. The 3D scapula surface was approximated through fitting the scapula SSM to the 3D reconstructed coordinates of the selected landmarks. 3D point localization yielded average (X, Y, Z) coordinate reconstruction errors of (X=0.14, Y=0.07, Z=0.04) mm. The landmark-constrained fitting algorithm yielded an average error between the mean posterior model landmarks and the corresponding target landmarks of 0.49 mm using the three landmarks, and later 0.19 mm with sixteen landmarks. Average surface to surface error between the CT ground truth model and approximated model from within the dataset improved from 3.20 mm to 2.46 mm using three landmarks and using sixteen landmarks, respectively. Average surface to surface error between the CT ground truth model and the approximated model from outside the dataset improved from 4.28 mm to 3.20 mm using three landmarks and using sixteen landmarks, respectively.