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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

17.2K
Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
17.2K
Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
8.4K
Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

Bone Cells and Tissue

8.8K
Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone tissue. It is found in the growing portions of bone, including the...
8.8K
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

14.1K
Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

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Classifying hard and soft bone tissues using drilling sounds.

V Zakeri, A J Hodgson

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |October 25, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Bone drilling sounds can differentiate between hard cortical and soft cancellous bone tissues. This acoustic classification method shows promise for enhancing surgical safety by identifying bone types during procedures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Surgical Technology
    • Acoustics

    Background:

    • Bone drilling is a common surgical procedure worldwide.
    • Accurate identification of bone tissue types (cortical and cancellous) is crucial for surgical safety.
    • Deviation during drilling can lead to inadvertent injury to vital anatomical structures like nerves and vessels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the potential of using sounds generated during bone drilling to classify between hard (cortical) and soft (cancellous) bone tissues.
    • To develop a method for real-time identification of bone tissue types during surgical procedures.

    Main Methods:

    • Recorded acoustic signals generated from drilling six bovine tibia samples (cortical and cancellous tissues).
    • Analyzed sound recordings using spectrograms and computed short-time Fourier transform (STFT) coefficients.
    • Utilized a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for classification, evaluating performance with leave-one-bone-out (LOBO) and bone-specific (BSP) scenarios.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an average accuracy of 70.9% for the LOBO scenario and 83% for the BSP scenario in classifying bone tissues.
    • Demonstrated that acoustic features derived from drilling sounds can effectively differentiate between cortical and cancellous bone.
    • The classification model showed promising performance in identifying bone tissue types in new samples.

    Conclusions:

    • Acoustic analysis of bone drilling sounds can be a viable method for distinguishing between cortical and cancellous bone.
    • The developed classification model has the potential to improve surgical navigation and safety by providing real-time feedback on bone tissue type.
    • Further research could refine the model for clinical application in various orthopedic and surgical procedures.