Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 20, 2026

04:51
A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
Published on: July 8, 2025
803
I Am a Mystery to Myself
1, 2810 E. Del Mar Blvd, Suite 9, Pasadena, CA, 91107, USA. joelmillermd@gmail.com.
American Journal of Psychoanalysis
|October 25, 2017
Summary
This personal narrative explores the journey of identity formation through psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. It highlights how indirect observations and self-discovery can build a sense of self when childhood memories are absent.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Psychoanalysis
- Identity Development
Background:
- The author experienced a lifelong vague sense of identity.
- Lack of distinct childhood memories hindered self-recognition and appreciation.
- Family life understanding emerged during psychotherapy.
Purpose of the Study:
- To explore the process of identity formation in the absence of early memories.
- To investigate the role of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis in self-discovery.
- To understand how a sense of self can be constructed through indirect observation and writing.
Main Methods:
- Engaging in psychotherapy.
- Reading psychoanalytic literature.
- Undertaking personal writing.
Main Results:
- Revelations about family life were gained indirectly through observing engaged families.
- Self-discovery was facilitated through psychoanalysis and writing.
- A new sense of self and belonging was created despite the absence of childhood recollections.
Conclusions:
- Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis can be instrumental in constructing identity.
- Indirect observation and personal writing are valuable tools for self-discovery.
- It is possible to create a sense of home and identity even without a foundation in childhood memories.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Understanding the Self
351
The self is a central aspect of human identity, encompassing an individual’s beliefs, emotions, perceptions, and experiences. It is a cognitive and psychological construct that enables individuals to interpret their traits and behaviors, influencing how they perceive themselves and interact with the world. While personality consists of stable and enduring characteristics, the self is shaped by self-perception and social experiences. This distinction highlights the dynamic nature of the...
351
Self-Schemas
36.4K
In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
36.4K
Understanding Self-Concept
329
The self-concept encompasses individuals' beliefs about themselves, structured through cognitive frameworks known as self-schemas. These schemas function as mental representations of specific traits or behaviors, influencing how self-relevant information is perceived, processed, and remembered. For example, individuals who are schematic for body weight are more likely to interpret routine experiences—such as dining out or shopping—through the lens of that trait. Conversely, those...
329
Self-Discrepancy Theory
19.0K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
19.0K
Self-Concept
1.8K
Self-concept is the cognitive and emotional understanding individuals hold about their identity. It evolves through various developmental stages, beginning in infancy and maturing as children grow. This concept influences how individuals perceive their abilities, interact with others, and manage challenges throughout life.
Infancy and Emerging Recognition
During infancy, self-concept is virtually nonexistent. Babies do not distinguish themselves as separate entities and often mistake their...
Infancy and Emerging Recognition
During infancy, self-concept is virtually nonexistent. Babies do not distinguish themselves as separate entities and often mistake their...
1.8K
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
5.8K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.8K

