Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

1.4K
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
1.4K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

1.0K
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
1.0K
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

968
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
968
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

732
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
732
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

1.7K
Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
1.7K
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

932
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
932

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Atypical Presentation of Pediatric Spinal Tuberculosis as Chronic Abdominal Pain: A Case Report.

Clinical case reports·2026
Same author

Delayed Ileal Perforation With Psoas Abscess and Fistulization Into the Inferior Vena Cava Post-Dilation and Curettage-A Case Report.

Clinical case reports·2026
Same author

Assessing yield and impact of 5-day versus 10-day incubation time in suspected prosthetic joint infection: a prospective laboratory study.

Pathology·2025
Same author

Invasive Urogenital Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup Y Multilocus Sequence Type 1466.

Emerging infectious diseases·2025
Same author

A novel case of prosthetic joint infection due to Clostridioides difficile successfully suppressed with oral doxycycline.

Access microbiology·2025
Same author

Twice-Daily Clopidogrel vs Ticagrelor to Reduce Short-Term Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The TADCLOT Trial.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

12.1K

Valproate-Induced Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy.

Faiza Farooq1, Javeria Sahib Din1, Ali M Khan1

  • 1Psychiatry, Kings County Hospital Center.

Cureus
|October 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Valproate can cause hyperammonemic encephalopathy, a rare but serious side effect. Monitoring ammonia levels is crucial in psychiatric patients on valproate presenting with neurological symptoms.

Keywords:
carnitinehepatotoxicityhyperammoniumpsychiatryvalproate

More Related Videos

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.5K
Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models
10:46

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Published on: May 3, 2017

11.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

12.1K
Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.5K
Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models
10:46

Using Enzyme-based Biosensors to Measure Tonic and Phasic Glutamate in Alzheimer's Mouse Models

Published on: May 3, 2017

11.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Valproate is a widely used medication for various conditions.
  • Adverse effects of valproate necessitate careful monitoring.
  • Hyperammonemic encephalopathy is a rare but significant complication.

Observation:

  • A case of a 44-year-old male with valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy is presented.
  • The patient exhibited neurological symptoms despite normal liver function tests.
  • This highlights a rare adverse event associated with valproate therapy.

Findings:

  • Valproate can induce hyperammonemic encephalopathy even with normal liver function.
  • Early detection through ammonia level monitoring is critical.
  • Literature review supports the rarity and clinical significance of this adverse event.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should consider checking ammonia levels in patients on valproate with new neurological symptoms.
  • This proactive approach can prevent severe complications of hyperammonemic encephalopathy.
  • Enhanced vigilance in valproate therapy can improve patient outcomes in psychiatric care.