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Related Concept Videos

Cohesion01:07

Cohesion

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Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar molecule. An oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge that can bind to a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge in a second water molecule, forming a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for water's cohesive nature.
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Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Rendering SiO2/Si Surfaces Omniphobic by Carving Gas-Entrapping Microtextures Comprising Reentrant and Doubly Reentrant Cavities or Pillars
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Superhydrophobicity from the Inside.

Tomer Simovich1, Cameron Ritchie1,2, George Belev3

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne , Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|October 25, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trapped air layers (plastrons) on superhydrophobic surfaces last longer when scattered microdroplets are present. These microdroplets enhance underwater longevity by stabilizing the gaseous interface.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Submerged ultra-water-repellent surfaces can trap air layers, known as plastrons, which are crucial for maintaining non-wetting properties.
  • The longevity of these plastrons varies significantly, with some natural systems like the Salvinia molesta fern exhibiting stability for months.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the factors influencing the long-term stability of trapped air plastrons on submerged superhydrophobic surfaces.
  • To understand the role of surface heterogeneities and microstructures in plastron longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized synchrotron-based high-resolution X-ray phase tomography for in situ, three-dimensional imaging of the aqueous/gas interface.
  • Investigated superhydrophobic surfaces with controlled micropatterned roughness and analyzed the presence and distribution of microdroplets.

Main Results:

  • Long-term plastron stability correlates with the presence of scattered microdroplets (<20 μm) within the gaseous layer.
  • Microdroplets are observed to be centered on surface defects or damaged sections (20-50 μm apart), forming heterogeneous micro/nano-hierarchical structures.
  • Plastrons on homogenous surfaces disappeared in <20 hours, while those on surfaces with microdroplets persisted for >160 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Scattered microdroplets, stabilized by electrostatic repulsion, contact angle limitations, and saturated vapor pressure, are key to prolonged plastron stability underwater.
  • Heterogeneous surface structures incorporating micro/nano-hierarchies are essential for supporting these stabilizing microdroplets.
  • The presence of microdroplets on defects may be a fundamental requirement for achieving long-term non-wetting on submerged surfaces.