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Nitric Oxide Accumulation: The Evolutionary Trigger for Phytopathogenesis.

Margarida M Santana1, Juan M Gonzalez2, Cristina Cruz1

  • 1Centro de Ecologia, Evolução e Alterações Ambientais (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nitric oxide (NO) accumulation from early denitrification may have driven the first plant-pathogen interactions. This study links NO signaling and denitrification to the evolution of phytopathogenicity in bacteria.

Keywords:
Thermus thermophilusaerobic respirationdenitrificationhorizontal gene transfernitrite reductase NirS

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Microbial ecology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Nitric oxide (NO) plays a dual role in plant-bacteria interactions, influencing health, growth, and pathogenesis.
  • The precise role of NO in bacterial signaling, plant-bacteria interactions, and their co-evolution remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To hypothesize that denitrification and aerobic respiration led to nitric oxide (NO) accumulation, triggering early pathogenic plant-bacteria interactions.
  • To explore the evolutionary link between denitrification, aerobic respiration, and the emergence of phytopathogenicity.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the presence of nitric oxide (NO)-producing nitrite reductase (nirS) gene sequences in bacteria.
  • Conducted in silico analysis to correlate nirS gene presence with phytopathogenicity in Gram-negative bacteria.

Main Results:

  • Early Earth conditions, including lightning synthesis and denitrification, could have led to global N-oxide accumulation.
  • A common evolutionary pathway for NO and oxygen reductases is proposed, linked to early oxygen availability before the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE).
  • In silico analysis revealed a correlation between the presence of nirS genes and phytopathogenicity in Gram-negative bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Transient nitric oxide (NO) surplus in an oxygenated niche may have been crucial for early denitrifying prokaryotes.
  • This NO surplus could have induced toxicity, potentially causing the first plant diseases in oxygen-producing cyanobacteria.
  • The study suggests a link between ancient denitrification pathways and the evolution of bacterial phytopathogenicity.