Molecular mechanisms and potential prognostic effects of REST and REST4 in glioma (Review)

Glioma refers to a tumor of the brain and central nervous system, which is characterized by high incidence, high mortality and high recurrence rate. Although the association between glioma and the repressor element silencing transcription factor (REST) has been reported by numerous studies, the complicated regulatory mechanisms underlying REST remain unknown. REST is a transcriptional repressor that undergoes alternative splicing to produce splicing variants when transcribed. Previous studies have demonstrated that alternative splicing may serve a role in the outcome of glioma. The present review discussed the mutual relationship among REST, REST4 and glioma. It was concluded that increased REST expression in glioma may be associated with poor prognosis; and REST4, an AS variant of REST, also functions to regulate glioma by suppressing REST. In addition, the present review discussed the regulation of REST and its target genes in glioma, and identified factors that induce REST alternative splicing, particularly in glioma. These findings suggest that REST may be considered a prognostic factor, which can be predictive of patient outcome.