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Related Concept Videos

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Diffusion01:12

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
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Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

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Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.
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Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

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Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Development and Functionalization of Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Biomarker Detection
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Non-Continuum Intercalated Water Diffusion Explains Fast Permeation through Graphene Oxide Membranes.

Shuping Jiao1, Zhiping Xu1

  • 1Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.

ACS Nano
|October 26, 2017
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Summary

Water confined in graphene oxide membranes exhibits unique behaviors. Non-continuum diffusion explains fast water transport, challenging traditional models for filtration applications.

Keywords:
collective diffusiongraphenegraphene oxideintercalated waterpermeation

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Recent experiments show unusual water behavior in graphene oxide membranes.
  • Understanding nanoconfined water is key for filtration and separation technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate molecular structures and diffusion dynamics of water between graphene/graphene oxide sheets.
  • Explain fast water permeation in graphene oxide membranes.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Analysis of water structure and collective diffusion coefficients.
  • Patchy model of graphene oxide sheets.

Main Results:

  • Identified monolayer structured water between graphene sheets below ~315 K and 0.65 nm interlayer distance.
  • Observed non-continuum collective diffusion of intercalated water, enabling fast transport.
  • Found diffusion coefficients decrease significantly as temperature or distance increase.

Conclusions:

  • Non-continuum collective diffusion explains rapid water permeation through graphene oxide membranes.
  • This contrasts with conventional continuum flow models, suggesting applicability under specific conditions.