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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Mutations01:35

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
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Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Radiation-related thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction.

Yuji Nagayama1

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.

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|October 26, 2017
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Summary
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High-dose radiation exposure increases risks for hypothyroidism and Graves

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The thyroid gland is susceptible to both external and internal radiation.
  • Thyroid cells can absorb radioactive iodine during hormone synthesis.
  • Radiation-induced thyroid neoplasia, including cancer, is a known risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize data on radiation-induced thyroid autoimmunity and dysfunction.
  • To investigate the effects of varying radiation doses on thyroid health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and data synthesis on radiation exposure and thyroid conditions.
  • Analysis of prevalence data for hypothyroidism and Graves' hyperthyroidism post-irradiation.

Main Results:

  • High-dose irradiation (external/internal) is linked to hypothyroidism (2.4–31% prevalence) and Graves' hyperthyroidism (up to 5%).
  • High-dose irradiation destroys thyroid tissue, explaining hypothyroidism.
  • The mechanism for hyperthyroidism is unclear, possibly involving immune responses to radiation-damaged thyroid tissue.

Conclusions:

  • High-dose radiation poses significant risks for thyroid dysfunction.
  • Moderate to low-dose radiation effects are inconsistent, possibly transient and reversible for hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • No significant increase in Graves' hyperthyroidism has been reported with moderate to low-dose radiation exposure.