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Related Concept Videos

Levels of Use of a GIS01:29

Levels of Use of a GIS

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) operate across three levels of application, each representing an increasing degree of complexity: data management, analysis, and prediction. These levels reflect the expanding functionality and versatility of GIS technology in handling spatial data for diverse purposes.Data ManagementAt its foundational level, GIS serves as a tool for data management, enabling the input, storage, retrieval, and organization of spatial data. This level is often employed in...
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Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response01:29

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

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Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
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Selected Data About Geographic Locations01:25

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) rely on two core types of data: spatial data and attribute data.Spatial DataSpatial data defines the physical location of features within a coordinate system, typically expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. It provides precise positioning for elements like roads, rivers, or buildings.Attribute DataAttribute data complements spatial data by adding descriptive information about these features. For example, a road's spatial data includes its start and...
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Habitat Fragmentation02:31

Habitat Fragmentation

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Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land conversion, as well as slower geological processes leading to changes in the physical environment, are the two leading causes of habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation process typically follows the same steps: perforation, dissection, fragmentation, shrinkage, and attrition.
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Plotting of Topographic Maps01:29

Plotting of Topographic Maps

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Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional terrain. Creating a topographic map requires a systematic approach.Begin by plotting a scaled grid and marking intersections corresponding to the survey's elevation data points. Assign elevation values at these intersections to build the base map. Next, determine contour levels using a consistent contour interval,...
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Visualizing Efficacy of Pesticides Against Disease Vector Mosquitoes in the Field
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Spatial scale in environmental risk mapping: A Valley fever case study.

Brown Heidi E1, Mu Wangshu2, Khan Mohammed3

  • 1College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

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|October 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Valley fever risk is linked to age, income, population density, and proximity to natural areas. Land cover

Keywords:
GISRisk mappingValley feveruncertainty

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental epidemiology
  • Spatial analysis
  • Public health

Background:

  • Valley fever is a fungal infection prevalent in arid regions of the Americas.
  • Accurate environmental risk mapping is hindered by diagnostic, reporting, and data challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify individual and area-level risk factors for Valley fever incidence.
  • To analyze the impact of spatial scale on land cover associations with Valley fever.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 12,349 individual Valley fever cases in Arizona (2006-2009).
  • Examination of individual and area-level risk factors.
  • Assessment of land cover variables at varying spatial scales.

Main Results:

  • Positive associations found between Valley fever and elderly population, income status, soil organic carbon, and residential density.
  • Negative associations observed with distance to desert and pasture/hay land cover.
  • Variable associations between incidence and shrub/cultivated crop lands depending on spatial scale.

Conclusions:

  • Age, income, population density, and proximity to natural areas are consistent predictors of Valley fever risk.
  • The influence of land cover on Valley fever risk is scale-dependent, emphasizing the need for careful scale consideration in risk mapping.