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Related Concept Videos

Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

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Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
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Characterizing Cefepime Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review.

Ayesha A Appa1, Rupali Jain1,2, Robert M Rakita1

  • 1Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

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|October 27, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cefepime (a common antibiotic) can cause neurotoxicity, especially in older patients with kidney problems. Symptoms include confusion and seizures, highlighting the need for awareness in clinical practice.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Neurotoxicity associated with cefepime, a widely used antibiotic, is not fully understood.
  • Clinical presentation and incidence of cefepime-induced neurotoxicity require further characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and characterize cefepime-induced neurotoxicity.
  • To identify clinical features, risk factors, and estimate the incidence of cefepime neurotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review encompassing 198 identified cases.
  • Inclusion of 5 additional cases from the authors' center.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, clinical manifestations, renal function, and seizure types.

Main Results:

  • The majority of patients (87%) had renal dysfunction; mean age was 67 years.
  • Common symptoms included altered consciousness (80%), disorientation/agitation (47%), and myoclonus (40%).
  • Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (31%) was more frequent than convulsive seizures (11%); estimated incidence was 1 in 480 cefepime courses.

Conclusions:

  • Cefepime neurotoxicity is a significant concern in elderly patients with renal impairment presenting with encephalopathy.
  • Myoclonus is a notable clinical feature associated with cefepime neurotoxicity.
  • Prospective studies are needed to accurately determine incidence and patient outcomes.