Mixed Culture Biocathodes for Production of Hydrogen, Methane, and Carboxylates

Formation of hydrogen, methane, and organics at biocathodes is an attractive new application of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs). Using mixed cultures, these products can be formed at certain cathode potentials using specific operating conditions, of which pH is important. Thermodynamically, the reduction of CO₂ to methane is the most favorable reaction, followed by reduction of CO₂ to acetate and ethanol, and hydrogen. In practice, however, the cathode potential at which these reactions occur is more negative, meaning that more energy is required to drive the reaction. Therefore, hydrogen is often found as a second product or intermediate in the conversion of CO₂ to both methane and carboxylates. In this chapter we summarize the inocula used for biocathode processes and discuss the achieved conversion rates and cathode potentials for formation of hydrogen, methane, and carboxylates. Although this overview reveals that BESs offer new opportunities for the bioproduction of different compounds, there are still challenges that need to be overcome before these systems can be applied on a larger scale. Graphical Abstract.