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Related Concept Videos

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
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Transcription Factors02:16

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 20, 2026

A Web-Based Workflow for Selecting Gene- and Tissue-Specific Enhancers
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Defining Native Enhancer Function.

Miles A Pufall1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.

Cell Systems
|October 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

CRISPR inhibition precisely disables gene regulatory elements. This method reveals how these elements work together to control gene activity within the genome.

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Understanding gene regulation is crucial for deciphering cellular function and disease.
  • Regulatory elements, such as enhancers and promoters, control gene expression.
  • Current methods often struggle to dissect the combinatorial function of regulatory elements in their native context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply CRISPR inhibition for functional interrogation of regulatory elements.
  • To determine the individual and combined roles of regulatory elements in gene expression.
  • To elucidate the collaborative logic of regulatory elements within the native genomic environment.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to specifically ablate the activity of targeted regulatory elements.

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  • Assessing gene expression changes following CRISPRi-mediated knockdown of regulatory elements, both individually and in combination.
  • Analyzing the functional consequences of ablating regulatory elements in their endogenous genomic locations.

    • Main Results:

    • CRISPR inhibition effectively silenced individual regulatory elements.
    • Combinatorial ablation of regulatory elements uncovered synergistic and antagonistic interactions.
    • The study successfully linked specific regulatory elements to their target genes and mapped their collaborative functions.

    Conclusions:

    • CRISPR inhibition is a powerful tool for dissecting gene regulatory networks.
    • This approach reveals the complex logic governing how multiple regulatory elements cooperate.
    • The findings provide novel insights into the functional organization of regulatory elements in their native genomic context.