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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Intravital Imaging of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes in Murine Small Intestine
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Intestinal Barrier Interactions with Specialized CD8 T Cells.

Špela Konjar1, Cristina Ferreira1, Birte Blankenhaus1

  • 1Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

Frontiers in Immunology
|October 28, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are crucial immune cells in the gut, interacting with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) to maintain a healthy balance between immune tolerance and protection, preserving the gut barrier and host-microbial relationships.

Keywords:
CD8+ T-lymphocytesepithelial cellsinflammatory bowel diseaseintraepithelial lymphocytesmucosal immunology

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Area of Science:

  • Gastrointestinal immunology
  • Intestinal homeostasis
  • Microbial interactions

Background:

  • The gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of microbes essential for nutrient absorption.
  • Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells maintain control over gut microorganisms.
  • Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are strategically positioned at the gut lumen-host tissue interface.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of IEL physiology.
  • To elucidate the interaction between IELs and IECs.
  • To understand IEL contribution to immune surveillance and intestinal homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IELs and IECs.
  • Analysis of IEL heterogeneity and function.
  • Examination of IEL roles in immune tolerance and protection.

Main Results:

  • IELs are a heterogeneous population with innate-like and adaptive immune cells.
  • IELs constantly interact with IECs, balancing tolerance and protection.
  • IELs are key in preserving the intestinal barrier and host-microbial relationships.

Conclusions:

  • IELs play a vital role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
  • Understanding IEL-IEC interactions is crucial for gut health.
  • IELs are central to immune surveillance in the gastrointestinal tract.