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Updated: Feb 20, 2026

Sub-nanometer Resolution Imaging with Amplitude-modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid
Published on: December 20, 2016
Chi-Fu Yen1, Sanjeevi Sivasankar2
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements can be improved by understanding piezo actuator errors. This study quantizes how piezo actuator hysteresis and creep affect optical lever sensitivity calibration, offering solutions for more accurate force measurements.
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