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This study reveals a critical work value in self-propelled particle systems. Below this threshold, particles behave differently, indicating a phase transition in fluctuating quantities.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium systems

Background:

  • Self-propelled particles (SPPs) exhibit complex behaviors in non-equilibrium conditions.
  • Understanding the statistical properties of work done by active forces is crucial for characterizing SPP systems.
  • Previous studies often assumed large-deviation principles apply universally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the statistical properties of work done by active forces in various self-propelled particle systems under stationary conditions.
  • To identify critical behaviors and phase transitions in the work distribution of SPPs.
  • To analyze the role of inter-particle interactions in the work statistics.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of work statistics (W_τ) in stationary conditions for different SPP systems.
  • Examination of the probability distribution P(W_τ) of the work done.
  • Identification of a critical work value (W_τ†) and its implications.
  • Investigation of deviations from the large-deviation principle.

Main Results:

  • A critical work value, W_τ†, was identified, distinguishing different particle behaviors.
  • For W_τ > W_τ†, particle interactions are less significant.
  • For W_τ < W_τ†, single particles are observed to be dragged by clusters.
  • The probability distribution P(W_τ) deviates from the large-deviation principle for W_τ < W_τ†.

Conclusions:

  • The observed twofold behavior suggests a phase transition in fluctuating quantities within SPP systems.
  • A critical work value acts as an order parameter for this transition.
  • The findings challenge the universal applicability of large-deviation principles in certain SPP regimes.
  • This work provides new insights into the collective dynamics and phase behavior of active matter.