Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation01:19

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation

4.0K
A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
Sometimes a single EPSP is strong enough to induce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. However, multiple presynaptic inputs must often create EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential....
4.0K
Action Potentials01:41

Action Potentials

143.9K
Overview
143.9K
Action Potential01:14

Action Potential

11.5K
Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
11.5K
Action Potential01:31

Action Potential

4.9K
Neurons communicate by firing action potentials—the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of neurotransmitters at axon terminals, thereby transmitting information to the nervous system. An action potential is a specific "all-or-none" change in membrane potential that results in a rapid spike in voltage.
Membrane potential in neurons
Neurons typically have a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts (mV). When they receive...
4.9K
Activation of Integrins01:15

Activation of Integrins

5.2K
Integrins bind ligands and transmit information from outside the cell to inside or vice-versa through an "outside-in signaling" or "inside-out signaling."
In "outside-in signaling," external factors in the extracellular space bind to exposed ligand binding sites on integrins. This causes the inactive protein to undergo a conformational change to become active. Integrins are often clustered on the cell membrane. Repetitive and regularly spaced ligand binding...
5.2K
Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

2.5K
Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Phenotypic Divergence in C19ORF44-Associated Retinal Degeneration despite an Identical Genotype: A Case Report.

Case reports in ophthalmology·2026
Same author

Advances in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV) Management: Emerging Evidence for Faricimab and Aflibercept 8 mg.

Ophthalmology and therapy·2026
Same author

Co-clinical CT radiomics pipeline to establish candidate imaging biomarkers for colorectal cancer.

European journal of radiology·2026
Same author

Cell engulfment defines spatially distinct competitive metabolic niches associated with clinical outcomes in colorectal cancer.

Cell death and differentiation·2026
Same author

Aflibercept With vs Without Reduced-Fluence Photodynamic Therapy for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: Optical Coherence Tomography Angiographic changes from a randomized clinical trial.

American journal of ophthalmology·2026
Same author

Spatial analyses implicate high stromal tumour-infiltrating CD8<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes as a negative predictive marker for chemotherapy in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Use of Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons to Study the Assembly of Axon Initial Segments
06:53

Use of Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons to Study the Assembly of Axon Initial Segments

Published on: February 12, 2021

5.5K

A constitutively-active IKK-complex at the axon initial segment.

Hans-Georg König1, Orla Watters1, Sinéad Kinsella1

  • 1Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 Saint Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.

Brain Research
|October 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The IκB-kinase (IKK) complex is constitutively active at the axon initial segment (AIS), a key neuronal compartment. This signaling activation is linked to ankyrin-G expression and IKK complex presence at the AIS.

Keywords:
Ankyrin-GAxonAxon initial segmentIKK 2 KinaseNF-κBProximity ligation assay

More Related Videos

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/&#945;
11:27

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

9.6K
Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse
11:45

Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse

Published on: February 10, 2011

19.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Use of Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons to Study the Assembly of Axon Initial Segments
06:53

Use of Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons to Study the Assembly of Axon Initial Segments

Published on: February 12, 2021

5.5K
A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/&#945;
11:27

A Guide to Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of Human IKK1/α

Published on: November 2, 2018

9.6K
Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse
11:45

Postsynaptic Recordings at Afferent Dendrites Contacting Cochlear Inner Hair Cells: Monitoring Multivesicular Release at a Ribbon Synapse

Published on: February 10, 2011

19.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Previous studies indicate IκB-kinase (IKK) α/β accumulates at the axon initial segment (AIS).
  • The AIS is a neuronal compartment characterized by ankyrin-G expression.
  • The functional significance of IKK presence at the AIS remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether IKK complex presence at the AIS is associated with IKK signaling activation at this site.
  • To explore the role of ankyrin-G in IKK signaling at the AIS.

Main Methods:

  • Proximity-ligation assays (PLAs) with specific antibodies to detect protein interactions.
  • Small-hairpin RNA (shRNA) mediated gene silencing to reduce IKKβ expression.
  • Analysis of ankyrin-G gene-deficient cells.
  • Overexpression of ankyrin-G in PC12 cells.
  • Treatment with small molecule inhibitors of IKK activity.

Main Results:

  • PLAs confirmed binding of IKKα/β and ankyrin-G at the AIS.
  • IKKβ silencing reduced phospho-IKKα/β immunoreactivity in the AIS.
  • Ankyrin-G deficient Purkinje cells lacked phosphorylated IKKα/β at the proximal axon.
  • Ankyrin-G overexpression enhanced NF-κB transactivation.
  • IKK inhibitors reduced activated IKK protein accumulation in the AIS.

Conclusions:

  • A constitutively active IKK signaling complex exists in the AIS.
  • Ankyrin-G plays a role in IKK signaling at the AIS.
  • The AIS is a site of active IKK signaling potentially influencing neuronal function.