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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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A note on random catalytic branching processes.

Mike Steel1, Stuart Kauffman2

  • 1Biomathematics Research Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|October 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organisms can create new types through catalytic diversification, like gene transfer in early life. Survival depends on the rate of catalysis and initial population size, mirroring self-sustaining networks.

Keywords:
Birth-death processCatalysisCouplingExtinctionGambler’s ruinLateral gene transferProtocell

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Origin of life studies
  • Theoretical biology

Background:

  • Biological evolution can involve organisms catalyzing the formation of new organism types.
  • Lateral gene transfer in transient colonies (e.g., prokaryotes, protocells) is a key mechanism in the origin of life.
  • Modeling these processes provides insights into early biological systems.

Discussion:

  • A simple random process models catalytic diversification and the emergence of new organism types.
  • The analysis applies general birth-death process theory to understand population survival.
  • The process is comparable to self-sustaining autocatalytic networks.

Key Insights:

  • Population survival under catalytic diversification is determined by the catalysis rate and initial population size.
  • Transient biological colonies can generate new types of organisms through processes like lateral gene transfer.
  • This model offers a framework for understanding the emergence of complexity in early life.

Outlook:

  • Further research can explore variations in catalytic rates and population dynamics.
  • The model can be extended to investigate the stability and evolution of autocatalytic networks.
  • This work contributes to a theoretical understanding of life's origins and evolutionary diversification.