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Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without...

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Lung Rapid Recovery Procurement Combined with Abdominal Normothermic Regional Perfusion in Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death

Lung Rapid Recovery Procurement Combined with Abdominal Normothermic Regional Perfusion in Controlled Donation after Circulatory Death

Published on: August 15, 2022

Esperanza: The First Neonatal ECMO Patient.

Robert H Bartlett¹

¹From the Department of Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

ASAIO Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)

|October 31, 2017

Summary

The first neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) case in 1975, though unpublished, marked a milestone in life support. This report details that pioneering case and ECMO

Area of Science:

Neonatal Medicine
Cardiopulmonary Support
Medical History

Background:

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a critical life support technology.
The earliest successful neonatal ECMO case occurred in 1975 but was never published.
Understanding historical cases is vital for advancing current medical practices.

Observation:

This paper presents the detailed case report of the first successful neonatal ECMO procedure from 1975.
The report includes clinical data, technical aspects, and outcomes of the neonate.
Commentary provides context on the case within the historical development of ECMO.

Findings:

The 1975 case demonstrated the feasibility of neonatal ECMO for severe respiratory and cardiac failure.
This early success paved the way for future advancements in ECMO technology and application.

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Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography

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Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in a Mouse

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Hemodynamic Precision in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit using Targeted Neonatal Echocardiography

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The case highlights the foundational importance of early life support innovations.

Implications:

Revisiting this historical case offers insights into the evolution of ECMO protocols and technology.
It underscores the significance of documenting critical medical firsts for scientific progress.
This report contributes to the understanding of long-term outcomes and the development of neonatal intensive care.