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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.4K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.4K
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

1.0K
Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers...
1.0K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

5.3K
All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
5.3K
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

1.3K
The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
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Non-thermalization in trapped atomic ion spin chains.

P W Hess1, P Becker2, H B Kaplan2

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland and National Institute of Standards and Technology, College Park, MD 20742, USA Hesspwhess@umd.edu.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|November 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Trapped ions reveal long-lived quantum memory in non-ergodic spin models. These systems exhibit phenomena like many-body localization and time crystals, offering insights into quantum systems beyond typical condensed matter.

Keywords:
discrete time crystalsmany-body localizationprethermalizationquantum simulationtrapped ions

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Atomic physics
  • Condensed matter theory

Background:

  • Linear arrays of trapped and laser-cooled atomic ions serve as a powerful platform for exploring strongly interacting many-body quantum systems.
  • Effective spins are encoded in stable electronic states and interact via laser-induced forces, enabling precise control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in using trapped ions to investigate non-ergodic phenomena in long-range interacting spin models.
  • To highlight how these systems preserve memory of their initial conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing cold trapped ions for experiments demanding high spatio-temporal resolution and environmental decoupling.
  • Employing laser-mediated optical dipole forces to engineer spin interactions.
  • Controlling the system Hamiltonian to probe quantum effects.

Main Results:

  • Observed long-lived memory in static magnetizations associated with quenched many-body localization and prethermalization.
  • Demonstrated memory preservation in the periodic oscillations of a driven discrete time crystal state.

Conclusions:

  • Trapped ion systems effectively probe non-ergodic quantum phenomena, including many-body localization and time crystals.
  • These systems offer unique insights into the breakdown of ergodicity in quantum matter, particularly through memory effects.