Update on riboflavin and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Nutritional Science
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disease.
• Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is crucial for myelin formation, and its deficiency is linked to MS risk.
• Oxidative stress and reduced antioxidant capacity are implicated in MS pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically review the existing literature on the health benefits of riboflavin in multiple sclerosis.
• To evaluate the role of riboflavin in myelin maintenance and neurological function in MS.
• To explore the biochemical mechanisms underlying riboflavin's potential effects on MS.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review of studies published from 1976 to 2017.
• Inclusion of human (clinical trials, case-control) and animal experimental studies.
• Analysis of data regarding riboflavin intake, deficiency, supplementation, and neurological outcomes in MS.

Main Results:

• Experimental studies link riboflavin deficiency to demyelinating neuropathy.
• Human studies indicate riboflavin supplementation or higher intake improves neurological motor disability in MS patients.
• Riboflavin acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in antioxidant defense (glutathione reductase) and influences uric acid levels, impacting myelin integrity.
• Riboflavin promotes brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in an animal model of MS, suggesting a mediation pathway for motor improvement.

Conclusions:

• Current research suggests a supportive role for riboflavin in managing multiple sclerosis outcomes.
• Riboflavin's benefits may stem from its involvement in myelin maintenance, antioxidant functions, and neurotrophic factor promotion.
• Further human observational and interventional studies are necessary to confirm riboflavin's efficacy in MS.