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Related Concept Videos

Machines: Problem Solving I01:22

Machines: Problem Solving I

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A toggle clamp is a mechanical device commonly used for holding and clamping objects in various applications, such as woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. Consider a toggle clamp subjected to a force of 200 N at the handle. The vertical clamping force can be calculated, provided the dimensions of the toggle clamp are known.
The toggle clamp system is a machine structure consisting of movable, pin-connected multi-force members that form a stabilized system to transmit forces. The...
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Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies01:06

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

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Virtual work is a powerful method used to solve problems involving several connected rigid bodies. When the system is in equilibrium, virtual work is zero. This allows the calculation of the resulting forces when a system undergoes a virtual displacement. When attempting to analyze such a system, first, use a free-body diagram, where an independent coordinate represents the configuration of the links, and mark its deflected position resulting from the positive virtual displacement.
Next,...
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Patch Clamp01:18

Patch Clamp

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Many fundamental cell functions such as muscle contraction and nerve transmission rely on the electrical signals produced by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions across the cell membrane. One competent method to record current flowing across the whole cell or single ion channel is the patch-clamp technique.
In this method, a glass micropipette containing electrolyte solution is tightly sealed against a small portion of the cell membrane. As a result, a patch of the cell...
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Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

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When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...
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Rigid Body Equilibrium Problems - II01:21

Rigid Body Equilibrium Problems - II

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A rigid body is in static equilibrium when the net force and the net torque acting on the system are equal to zero.
Consider two children sitting on a seesaw, which has negligible mass. The first child has a mass (m1) of 26 kg and sits at point A, which is 1.6 meters (r1) from the pivot point B; the second child has a mass (m2) of 32 kg and sits at point C. How far from the pivot point B should the second child sit (r2) to balance the seesaw?
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Rigid Body Equilibrium Problems - I00:49

Rigid Body Equilibrium Problems - I

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A rigid body is said to be in static equilibrium when the net force and the net torque acting on the system is equal to zero. To solve for rigid body equilibrium problems, do the following steps.
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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
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Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism

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A Dynamic Clamp on Every Rig.

Niraj S Desai1, Richard Gray1, Daniel Johnston1

  • 1Center for Learning and Memory and Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.

Eneuro
|November 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new, inexpensive dynamic clamp system is now accessible to all cellular electrophysiologists. Utilizing maker movement technology, this system overcomes previous cost and technical barriers, democratizing advanced electrophysiology research.

Keywords:
Dynamic clampelectrophysiologypatch clamp

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • The dynamic clamp is a crucial tool for cellular electrophysiology but has limited adoption due to cost, integration challenges, and required expertise.
  • Previous limitations hindered the widespread use of dynamic clamp technology in research settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a fast, low-cost dynamic clamp system using accessible technology.
  • To overcome the financial and technical barriers associated with traditional dynamic clamp systems.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a dynamic clamp system using an inexpensive microcontroller (Teensy 3.6) capable of high-speed operation (∼100 kHz).
  • Integration of the system with existing electrophysiology data acquisition hardware and software (Macintosh, Windows, Linux).
  • Modification of the system to incorporate complex conductances, such as Hodgkin-Huxley-style and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models.

Main Results:

  • A functional dynamic clamp system was built for under $100, requiring no prior electronics or programming experience.
  • The system supports fast conductances (e.g., transient sodium) and complex models (e.g., Ornstein-Uhlenbeck for synaptic background activity).
  • The system seamlessly integrates with existing electrophysiology setups without replacement.

Conclusions:

  • Technological advancements, particularly from the maker movement, have made dynamic clamp systems affordable and user-friendly.
  • This low-cost dynamic clamp democratizes advanced cellular electrophysiology, making it accessible to a broader range of researchers and students.
  • The system serves as an effective pedagogical tool for learning electronics and programming in a biological context.