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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Manipulating the reported age in earliest memories.

Ineke Wessel1, Theresa Schweig1, Rafaële J C Huntjens1

  • 1a Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology , University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands.

Memory (Hove, England)
|November 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary

The age of earliest autobiographical memories is not fixed and can be influenced by experimental context and memory type. Both event memories and snapshots are malleable, with snapshots generally reported as younger.

Keywords:
Childhood amnesiaage estimatesevent memoriesfragment memoriessnapshots

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Earliest autobiographical memory age estimates are influenced by experimental context.
  • Decontextualized memory snippets are reported as younger than complete event memories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the malleability of estimated ages in undergraduates' earliest autobiographical memories.
  • To explore the relationship between memory age and memory quality.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Participants (n=141) received vignettes about events at age 2 or 6.
  • Study 2: Participants (n=162) answered self-relevant or public-event knowledge questions about preschool years before memory retrieval.
  • Compared age estimates for event memories versus snapshots across different contextual cues.

Main Results:

  • Vignettes implying age 2 led to earlier reported ages than those implying age 6.
  • Semantic knowledge questions about preschool years resulted in earlier memory ages compared to a control task.
  • Snapshots generally yielded younger age estimates than event memories, though differences were not always significant.

Conclusions:

  • The estimated age of earliest autobiographical memories is malleable and influenced by contextual cues.
  • Both event memories and snapshots are susceptible to age manipulation.
  • Findings challenge the notion of a fixed age for earliest memories, highlighting contextual influences.