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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization.

Wiktor Soral1, Michał Bilewicz2, Mikołaj Winiewski2

  • 1Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

Aggressive Behavior
|November 3, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frequent exposure to hate speech increases prejudice by desensitizing individuals to verbal violence. This reduced sensitivity to hate speech leads to greater distancing and lower evaluations of targeted outgroups.

Keywords:
desensitizationhate speechprejudice

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Communication Studies
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Hate speech is a prevalent form of verbal violence with potential societal impacts.
  • The General Aggression Model provides a framework for understanding aggression, including responses to hate speech.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal relationship between exposure to hate speech and the development of outgroup prejudice.
  • To examine the mediating role of desensitization in the hate speech-prejudice link.

Main Methods:

  • Three studies were conducted: two nationwide surveys (N=1,007; N=682) and one experimental study (N=76).
  • Methods included assessing exposure to hate speech, sensitivity to hate speech, social norms, and outgroup prejudice.
  • Experimental manipulation involved desensitization training to assess its impact on prejudice.

Main Results:

  • Lower sensitivity to hate speech mediated the relationship between frequent hate speech exposure and increased outgroup prejudice.
  • Individuals undergoing desensitization training showed reduced sensitivity to hate speech and increased prejudice.
  • The effects were mediated by decreased sensitivity to hate speech, not social norms.

Conclusions:

  • Exposure to hate speech can lead to desensitization, subsequently increasing outgroup prejudice.
  • This research provides the first empirical evidence elucidating the direct effects of hate speech exposure on prejudice.
  • Findings highlight the psychological mechanisms through which hate speech influences intergroup relations.