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Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Fermi Level Dynamics

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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models

Published on: November 15, 2013

Compact Stars with Sequential QCD Phase Transitions.

Mark Alford¹, Armen Sedrakian²

¹Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|November 4, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores compact stars with two phase transitions, revealing a new family of denser hybrid stars. These models predict "twin" and "triplet" stars with identical masses but distinct radii.

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Area of Science:

Astrophysics
Nuclear Physics
Particle Physics

Background:

Compact stars may harbor quark matter at extreme densities.
Understanding the internal composition of compact stars is crucial for astrophysics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate compact star models with two sequential first-order phase transitions.
To explore the possibility of new families of hybrid stars with distinct properties.

Main Methods:

Modeling compact stars with nuclear matter and two distinct quark matter phases.
Analyzing phase transitions from nuclear to two-flavor color-superconducting (2SC) and then to color-flavor-locked (CFL) phases.
Investigating the resulting mass-radius relationships and stability regions.

Main Results:

The models predict two separate branches of hybrid stars, indicating a new family of denser compact stars.
Instability regions separate these branches from the nuclear branch.
The study demonstrates the possibility of "twin" and "triplet" compact stars, characterized by the same mass but different radii.

Conclusions:

The existence of two phase transitions in compact stars can lead to novel stellar structures.
These findings challenge existing models and suggest new observational targets for astronomers.
The concept of twin and triplet compact stars offers unique signatures for probing extreme physics within these objects.