Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

4.8K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
4.8K
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

4.0K
When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
4.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Hands-free control of an assistive robotic arm for high-level paralysis.

Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Uncertainty Shapes Neural Dynamics in Motor Cortex During Reaching.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Adaptations in common synaptic inputs to spinal motor neurons during grasping versus a less functional hand task.

Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)·2025
Same author

Interoceptive Signals Bias Decision Making in Rhesus Macaques.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Dolichocolon (redundant colon) in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

Journal of medical primatology·2023
Same author

Large-scale intramuscular electrode system for chronic electromyography and functional electrical stimulation.

Journal of neurophysiology·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
07:53

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Published on: September 13, 2015

22.9K

Distributed stimulation increases force elicited with functional electrical stimulation.

Alie J Buckmire1,2, Danielle R Lockwood1, Cynthia J Doane3

  • 1Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|November 4, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Using multiple electrodes for functional electrical stimulation (FES) significantly increases muscle force output compared to single electrodes. This approach may enhance the effectiveness of FES systems for greater muscle activation.

More Related Videos

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
08:07

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

13.3K
The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb
14:56

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Published on: September 23, 2018

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
07:53

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Published on: September 13, 2015

22.9K
Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
08:07

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Published on: February 1, 2018

13.3K
The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb
14:56

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Published on: September 23, 2018

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Functional electrical stimulation (FES) generates modest muscle forces, potentially due to limited motor axon activation by single electrodes.
  • The widespread nerve branching within muscles may necessitate advanced stimulation techniques for comprehensive recruitment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if multi-electrode stimulation can enhance muscle force production beyond single-electrode capabilities.
  • To assess the impact of stimulation timing (interleaved vs. synchronized) on fatigue during prolonged FES.

Main Methods:

  • Compared isometric forces evoked by single versus dual intramuscular electrodes in the anterior deltoid muscle of anesthetized monkeys.
  • Evaluated fatigue resistance under interleaved and synchronized dual-electrode stimulation protocols.

Main Results:

  • Dual-electrode stimulation yielded approximately 50% greater maximal isometric force than single-electrode stimulation.
  • No significant difference in fatigue response was observed between interleaved and synchronized dual-electrode stimulation.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-electrode stimulation is a viable strategy to augment muscle force generation in FES applications.
  • This technique holds promise for improving the functional capacity and therapeutic utility of FES systems.