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Related Concept Videos

The Uncertainty Principle04:08

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

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The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
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Scientists always try their best to record measurements with the utmost accuracy and precision. However, sometimes errors do occur. These errors can be random or systematic. Random errors are observed due to the inconsistency or fluctuation in the measurement process, or variations in the quantity itself that is being measured. Such errors fluctuate from being greater than or less than the true value in repeated measurements. Consider a scientist measuring the length of an earthworm using a...
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Updated: Feb 19, 2026

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Randomness in quantum mechanics: philosophy, physics and technology.

Manabendra Nath Bera1, Antonio Acín1,2, Marek Kuś3

  • 1ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain.

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This summary is machine-generated.

This report details quantum randomness, an interdisciplinary field spanning physics, philosophy, math, computer science, and technology. It offers an accessible overview of recent advancements for diverse readers.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Interdisciplinary science

Background:

  • Quantum randomness is a fundamental concept with broad implications.
  • Its study involves physics, philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a progress report on recent developments in quantum randomness.
  • To present the topic at an elementary level, accessible to a diverse audience.

Main Methods:

  • Combines simple, non-technical descriptions with concise reviews of advanced results.
  • Organized into three parts: philosophical, physical, and technological aspects.

Main Results:

  • Recent advancements in quantum randomness are reviewed.
  • The interdisciplinary nature of the field is highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum randomness is a complex, interdisciplinary field with ongoing developments.
  • The report aims to benefit readers from various academic and technical backgrounds.