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Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group...

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Crown Ethers

Crown Ethers

Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Three-Dimensional Anionic Cyclodextrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Yuanyuan Zhang¹, Jiyun Duan¹, Dou Ma¹

¹Department Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)

|November 7, 2017

Summary

New 3D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) use flexible cyclodextrin building blocks for enhanced dynamic properties. These cyclodextrin-based COFs exhibit high lithium-ion conductivity and tunable CO2 interactions.

Keywords:

covalent organic frameworks cyclodextrin ionic structures microporous materials three-dimensional structures

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Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

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Last Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks COFs: A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Supramolecular Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) offer tunable porosity and low density but face challenges in building block diversity and synthesis.
Existing 3D COFs often rely on rigid building blocks, limiting their dynamic properties and potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop novel 3D COFs using a flexible macrocycle, γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), as a soft strut.
To investigate the dynamic features and electrochemical properties of the resulting cyclodextrin-based COFs (CD-COFs).
To explore the influence of counterions on CO2 interactions within the CD-COF framework.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of 3D COFs using γ-cyclodextrin and tetrakis(spiroborate) tetrahedra.
Characterization of the porous framework structure and dynamic properties.
Electrochemical measurements to determine Li ion conductivity and stability.
Gas adsorption studies to evaluate CO2 interactions.

Main Results:

Successful construction of a periodic 3D extended network using γ-CD as soft struts.
Achieved high Li ion conductivity of up to 2.7 mS/cm at 30°C.
Demonstrated excellent long-term Li ion stripping/plating stability.
Showcased tunable CO2 interactions by exchanging counterions within the framework.

Conclusions:

Flexible macrocycles like γ-CD can be effectively incorporated into 3D COFs to create dynamic materials.
The developed CD-COFs exhibit promising performance for lithium-ion conduction and energy storage applications.
Counterion exchange provides a viable strategy to modulate gas interactions, enabling potential applications in gas separation or capture.