Release of platelet-derived growth factor from human platelets by arachidonic acid

Platelet alpha-granules contain a factor that stimulates the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cells and may play a role in atherogenesis. We have studied the role of arachidonic acid in mediating the release of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from human platelets. PDGF was assayed by stimulating of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of mouse 3T3 cells. Platelet aggregation and the release of platelet factor 4,beta-thromboglobulin, and serotonin were also studied. A biphasic response pattern was observed when gel-filtered platelets were incubated with arachidonate over the concentration range 0.01-0.4 mM. At low arachidonate levels (approximately 0.025-0.1 mM), specific concentration-dependent aggregation and release of PDGF and of the other components were observed. This effect was not seen with any of five other fatty acids tested and was suppressed by indomethacin (25 muM). At higher arachidonate concentrations (approximately 0.15-0.35 mM), a concentration-dependent turn-off of both aggregation and release occurred. At these concentrations the platelets remained functional, and no release of lactate dehydrogenase was observed. A similar biphasic pattern of arachidonate-induced aggregation and release was observed with platelet-rich plasma, over a similar range of arachidonate to albumin mole ratios. These studies demonstrate that PDGF and other alpha-granule constituents can be released from platelets specifically by arachidonate via an indomethacin-sensitive pathway, most probably involving the platelet cyclooxygenase and conversion of arachidonate to prostaglandin metabolities. The mechanisms responsible for the turn-off of the specific arachidonate-mediated responses at higher arachidonate concentrations remain to be defined.