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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order...
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Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins02:26

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Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.  Although these domains are often structurally independent, they may rely on synergistic effects to perform their functions as part of a larger protein. Protein domains may be conserved within the same organism, as well as across different organisms.
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes
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Enzyme function and its evolution.

John Bo Mitchell1

  • 1EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Scotland KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.

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Understanding enzyme evolution is advancing rapidly. New methods in phylogenetics and protein function prediction aid in identifying enzymes, crucial for antibiotic resistance research and enzyme design.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Recent advances in determining protein sequence and structure.
  • Extensive knowledge of enzyme functions and chemical mechanisms.
  • Progress in phylogenetic methods for constructing evolutionary trees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate breadth and depth in understanding enzyme evolution.
  • To leverage advancements for comprehensive enzyme analysis.
  • To explore applications in antibiotic resistance and enzyme engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis for evolutionary family trees.
  • Protein function prediction methods.
  • Integration of sequence, structure, and functional data.

Main Results:

  • Enabling a combined breadth and depth approach to enzyme evolution.
  • Development of promising methods for protein function prediction.
  • Identification of enzymes across diverse chemical functions and species.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of diverse data is key to understanding enzyme evolution.
  • Protein function prediction is vital for identifying enzymes across species.
  • This knowledge is essential for addressing antibiotic resistance and advancing enzyme engineering.