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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

15.5K
Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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MTCH2 promotes BAX and BAK self-assembly and apoptotic pore growth.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2026
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All-cause mortality and risk factors for death in patients with Clostridioides difficile infections: a prospective multi-centre cohort study in six German university hospitals, 2016-2020.

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Altered Pathogen Spectrum of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis in Patients Treated With Proton Pump Inhibitors.

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The second mitochondrial activator of caspases (SMAC) regulates growth, inflammation and mitochondrial integrity in cancer cells.

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Chlamydial membrane vesicles deliver the beta barrel outer membrane protein OmpA to mitochondria to inhibit apoptosis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death
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Identification of Intracellular Signaling Events Induced in Viable Cells by Interaction with Neighboring Cells Undergoing Apoptotic Cell Death

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Apoptosis in infection.

Georg Häcker1

  • 1Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.

Microbes and Infection
|November 8, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Cellular apoptosis, a programmed cell death, is a key defense against microbial infections. While complex, apoptosis induction generally benefits the host during infection.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a fundamental cellular response to environmental changes.
  • Microbial infections present significant challenges to host cells.
  • The interplay between apoptosis and infection is complex and not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the principles of apoptosis and infection.
  • To explore the intricate relationship between apoptosis and microbial pathogens.
  • To present a viewpoint on whether apoptosis induction is beneficial for the host during infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on apoptosis and microbial infections.
  • Analysis of host-pathogen interactions at the molecular level.
Keywords:
ApoptosisImmune responseInfection

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  • Synthesis of data to form a coherent perspective on the topic.

    • Main Results:

    • Microbial molecules interact with host cell components, influencing apoptosis pathways.
    • Pathogens have been observed to both induce and inhibit apoptosis.
    • The precise mechanisms and outcomes of these interactions are often unclear.

    Conclusions:

    • Apoptosis plays a critical role in the host's response to microbial invasion.
    • Despite complexity, apoptosis induction is generally advantageous for the host in most infections.
    • Further research is needed to fully understand the nuances of this host-pathogen interaction.